Uma síntese das palavras ditas na homenagem a Málice, na Casa do Alentejo, a 25 de Outubro de 2010:
Há 30 anos raras eram as portuguesas emigradas que tinham voz na sua comunidade. Maria Alice foi para mim, desde o dia em que a conheci, uma revelação do que pode ser a liderança no feminino - e no seu melhor!
Na verdade, muitos anos de convívio confirmaram o que antevi desde esse encontro inicial, na primeira "missão de serviço" que me levou à América do Norte: ali estava alguém que tinha infindas reservas de energia, de coragem, de dedicação à "res publica" e que delas fazia uso, apaixonadamente, intensamente, no quotidiano de uma das maiores e mais dinâmicas comunidades lusas à face da terra (como, com ela e com outros dos seus dirigentes, aprendi que é a de Toronto).
O que a movia? Julgo que era, claramente, o portuguesismo, o sentimento patriótico, sempre mais desperto no estrangeiro - na aventura da emigração - a par do inconformismo com as regras, as práticas e as tradições que desvalorizam o género feminino e lhe reservam um papel secundário. E, também, as causas que abraçava, com entusiasmo, tais como: a defesa dos direitos dos imigrantes, e das mulheres; a defesa da cultura portuguesa na imensa panóplia de culturas conviventes no Canadá; propósito de informar, com rigor, com verdade, sobre o passado e a actualidade de uma Pátria, distante mas presente; a vontade de dar corpo e alma a uma comunidade, que para sempre lhe deve parte da dimensão que alcançou - e que não para de crescer.
Málice, como os amigos lhe chamavam - e por isso a chamo eu assim - foi um pioneira da emigração portuguesa em Toronto. Fundou, com o marido, António Ribeiro, o primeiro jornal de Toronto, escrito - e muito bem! - na nossa língua. Tornou-o um semanário "de referência" no mundo português de além fronteiras, e um espaço de vivência de ideias e de grandes causas. Envolveu-se em inúmeras realizações importantes e campanhas de mobilização comunitária, porque vivia para a sua própria família, como para a família mais extensa, a do associativismo, o núcleo agregador dos emigrantes, que constrói verdadeiras comunidades. Foi Conselheira eleita do CCP, desde os anos 80 (quando o "Conselho" era, quase em exclusivo, masculino) e para o CCP trabalhou, eficiente e incansavelmente, até ao fim dos seus dias, vencendo a doença enquanto lhe foi possível. Um grande exemplo para os jovens, para as gerações que farão o futuro!
Maria Alice Ribeiro tem, para sempre, o seu lugar na história do jornalismo da diáspora, na história das comunidades portuguesas do nosso tempo.
E, connosco, os que tivemos o privilégio de ser seus amigos e admiradores, permanece viva na memória e na saudade.
Maria Manuela Aguiar
quarta-feira, 27 de outubro de 2010
terça-feira, 19 de outubro de 2010
Filhos de Portugal
Resido no Sul da Califórnia, mais precisamente num canto por sinal agradável do lado oeste da cidade de Los Angeles, onde em 1781 chegaram 44 colonos vindos do México para abrir um posto mercantil em nome da Espanha, logo baptizando esta agora gigantesca metrópole com um pitoresco El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de Los Angeles y Porciúncula, devendo Porciúncula - misteriosamente adicionado a Los Angeles - referir-se ao santuário com o mesmo nome perto de Assis.
Vivo, respiro e suo a vida dos angelinos - como se diz por aqui -, que por cada dia que passa mais me parece haver sido copiada do positivo, do elementar e do prático, mais me parece estilizada em padrões de eficiência e pura simplicidade, mais me parece conduzida em ritmo estonteante, arrasante, endemoinhado, exibindo tudo um sinal altamente competitivo e a desaconselhar a inacção. Na Califórnia sou mais um português orgulhosamente português inserido numa sociedade democrática, com idade pouco mais de bissecular, representada por um amplo caleidoscópio de raças e religiões que apesar da sua espantosa diversidade coexistem em harmonia que não sendo perfeita, poderia ser bem pior em termos de qualidade. Mole humana que sente não poder afrouxar na luta intensa, quase desleal, que trava diariamente contra a invencível realidade. Mosaico multifacetado imerso numa infusão de que se vislumbra esperança e sobrevivência a evolar-se como fumo. Impressionante multidão de milhões denunciando no cerne a influência telúrica da vasta urbe. Vasto e ondulante mar de um formigueiro de gente que, chegada a noite, cai exausta, enfiando pelo silêncio da cidade que durante o dia parece fervilhar e arder em febre e que de noite mal se “ouve” pois inimaginavelmente dorme.
A ideia de que chegar aqui, pisar este solo e abanar a “árvore das patacas” do Eldorado americano, ipso facto é garantia de triunfo, constitui enorme erro. Contrariamente, não é verdadeira a percepção de que triunfar na mastodóntica América representa tarefa inacessível. Demonstraram-no neste exuberante Estado da Califórnia milhares de imigrantes vindos de todas as províncias de Portugal, de todos os recantos do abençoado torrão natal. Numa faixa a leste de Los Angeles, que incorpora as cidades de Artesia e Chino, fixaram-se alguns milhares de portugueses na maioria naturais da freguesia de Altares da Ilha Terceira. E a sul de Los Angeles, na fresca e aprazível cidade de San Diego - donde em dias de céu azul se vê o México, como se lá estivéssemos -, fixaram-se três núcleos dos nossos compatriotas, designadamente, do Paúl do Mar da Ilha da Madeira, da Ilha do Pico do Arquipélago dos Açores e da algarviíssima Fuzeta. Chegaram carregados de sonhos e cientes da árdua caminhada à sua espera. Trouxeram cravados no coração e na alma perseverança, coragem e ambição. Vieram para labutar, preparados de antemão para enormes sacrifícios. Vieram para triunfar. Fecundaram os resultados, prevaleceu a fé, a sorte ajudou. Muitos deles triunfaram.
Entre outros, tenho também um amigo algarvio, natural de Moncarapacho, que chegou a esta sedutora América já lá vai mais de uma vintena de anos, granjeando com o tempo uma vitória de considerável dimensão. O meu amigo de Moncarapacho - que escolhi ao acaso e de quem me servirei como exemplo - é tão algarvio como Sagres, como as alfarrobeiras e as amendoeiras em flor, a cataplana e a tia Anica de Loulé. É também um homem de grande visão. Completando ainda novo uma trajectória e um ciclo norteados pela vontade inquebrantável de vencer, foi primeiramente aprender a profissão em Lisboa, vindo depois exercê-la e refiná-la nesta costa do Pacífico. De empregado passou, legitimamente, a patrão, acabando por estabelecer-se com uma oficina de mecânica, reparações e pintura de automóveis numa pequena-grande cidade de vida intensa e passo agitado do Sul da Califórnia. Disse antes que este meu amigo algarvio é homem de grande visão. E é. É porque os automóveis que conserta, pinta e põe como novos são exclusivamente ‘Mercedes’, só aceitando carritos do género “arraia-miúda” - que inclui o meu - para fazer um jeito a amigos. Então é sempre um gosto ir visitá-lo uma vez por outra - quer lhe leve, quer não, qualquer problemazito decorrente do meu carro - e ver alinhados, de ponta a ponta da sua oficina, Mercedes, Mercedes e mais Mercedes - só de uma vez contei vinte -, à espera dos cuidados da equipa de artífices que ele emprega, exibindo tudo e todos um ar convincentemente muito profissional e para uma oficina daquele género um ar muito limpo.
Um quadro simples que procura sintetizar a valia do trabalho resultante de mãos portuguesas.
Mãos hábeis e calejadas que também no estrangeiro ocupam lugares de eleição. Como as do meu amigo algarvio a quem até astros do cinema americano procuram no seu conceituado lugar de trabalho, levando-lhe luxuosos automóveis para reparações e revisão.
Um filho de Moncarapacho, tão português como todos os filhos do santíssimo Portugal, que roído de saudade não passa ano que não vá pelo Verão à terra que o viu nascer - viagem que nem treze mil quilómetros impedem -, para estar com a família, ver os amigos e deliciar-se com os melhores figuinhos de capa rota do mundo, doces, aveludados, a chorar pingos de mel...
Edmundo Macedo
Vivo, respiro e suo a vida dos angelinos - como se diz por aqui -, que por cada dia que passa mais me parece haver sido copiada do positivo, do elementar e do prático, mais me parece estilizada em padrões de eficiência e pura simplicidade, mais me parece conduzida em ritmo estonteante, arrasante, endemoinhado, exibindo tudo um sinal altamente competitivo e a desaconselhar a inacção. Na Califórnia sou mais um português orgulhosamente português inserido numa sociedade democrática, com idade pouco mais de bissecular, representada por um amplo caleidoscópio de raças e religiões que apesar da sua espantosa diversidade coexistem em harmonia que não sendo perfeita, poderia ser bem pior em termos de qualidade. Mole humana que sente não poder afrouxar na luta intensa, quase desleal, que trava diariamente contra a invencível realidade. Mosaico multifacetado imerso numa infusão de que se vislumbra esperança e sobrevivência a evolar-se como fumo. Impressionante multidão de milhões denunciando no cerne a influência telúrica da vasta urbe. Vasto e ondulante mar de um formigueiro de gente que, chegada a noite, cai exausta, enfiando pelo silêncio da cidade que durante o dia parece fervilhar e arder em febre e que de noite mal se “ouve” pois inimaginavelmente dorme.
A ideia de que chegar aqui, pisar este solo e abanar a “árvore das patacas” do Eldorado americano, ipso facto é garantia de triunfo, constitui enorme erro. Contrariamente, não é verdadeira a percepção de que triunfar na mastodóntica América representa tarefa inacessível. Demonstraram-no neste exuberante Estado da Califórnia milhares de imigrantes vindos de todas as províncias de Portugal, de todos os recantos do abençoado torrão natal. Numa faixa a leste de Los Angeles, que incorpora as cidades de Artesia e Chino, fixaram-se alguns milhares de portugueses na maioria naturais da freguesia de Altares da Ilha Terceira. E a sul de Los Angeles, na fresca e aprazível cidade de San Diego - donde em dias de céu azul se vê o México, como se lá estivéssemos -, fixaram-se três núcleos dos nossos compatriotas, designadamente, do Paúl do Mar da Ilha da Madeira, da Ilha do Pico do Arquipélago dos Açores e da algarviíssima Fuzeta. Chegaram carregados de sonhos e cientes da árdua caminhada à sua espera. Trouxeram cravados no coração e na alma perseverança, coragem e ambição. Vieram para labutar, preparados de antemão para enormes sacrifícios. Vieram para triunfar. Fecundaram os resultados, prevaleceu a fé, a sorte ajudou. Muitos deles triunfaram.
Entre outros, tenho também um amigo algarvio, natural de Moncarapacho, que chegou a esta sedutora América já lá vai mais de uma vintena de anos, granjeando com o tempo uma vitória de considerável dimensão. O meu amigo de Moncarapacho - que escolhi ao acaso e de quem me servirei como exemplo - é tão algarvio como Sagres, como as alfarrobeiras e as amendoeiras em flor, a cataplana e a tia Anica de Loulé. É também um homem de grande visão. Completando ainda novo uma trajectória e um ciclo norteados pela vontade inquebrantável de vencer, foi primeiramente aprender a profissão em Lisboa, vindo depois exercê-la e refiná-la nesta costa do Pacífico. De empregado passou, legitimamente, a patrão, acabando por estabelecer-se com uma oficina de mecânica, reparações e pintura de automóveis numa pequena-grande cidade de vida intensa e passo agitado do Sul da Califórnia. Disse antes que este meu amigo algarvio é homem de grande visão. E é. É porque os automóveis que conserta, pinta e põe como novos são exclusivamente ‘Mercedes’, só aceitando carritos do género “arraia-miúda” - que inclui o meu - para fazer um jeito a amigos. Então é sempre um gosto ir visitá-lo uma vez por outra - quer lhe leve, quer não, qualquer problemazito decorrente do meu carro - e ver alinhados, de ponta a ponta da sua oficina, Mercedes, Mercedes e mais Mercedes - só de uma vez contei vinte -, à espera dos cuidados da equipa de artífices que ele emprega, exibindo tudo e todos um ar convincentemente muito profissional e para uma oficina daquele género um ar muito limpo.
Um quadro simples que procura sintetizar a valia do trabalho resultante de mãos portuguesas.
Mãos hábeis e calejadas que também no estrangeiro ocupam lugares de eleição. Como as do meu amigo algarvio a quem até astros do cinema americano procuram no seu conceituado lugar de trabalho, levando-lhe luxuosos automóveis para reparações e revisão.
Um filho de Moncarapacho, tão português como todos os filhos do santíssimo Portugal, que roído de saudade não passa ano que não vá pelo Verão à terra que o viu nascer - viagem que nem treze mil quilómetros impedem -, para estar com a família, ver os amigos e deliciar-se com os melhores figuinhos de capa rota do mundo, doces, aveludados, a chorar pingos de mel...
Edmundo Macedo
Seminário em TORONTO" A mulher e os media" Entrevista a Manuela Aguiar
>
> 1 - A sua deslocação ao Canadá insere-se nos “Encontros para a
> Cidadania: A Igualdade entre Mulheres e Homens nas Comunidades
> Portuguesas”. Como é que surgiu esta oportunidade?
>- Em concreto, onde e quando vai ocorrer o Encontro?
>2 - Tendo em conta que os Encontros para a Cidadania eram um ciclo a ser
> desenvolvido pela Direcação Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e das
> Comunidades Portuguesas entre 2005 e 2009, em que quadro se insere este prolongamento?
>3 - No que é que vai consistir este Encontro?
>4- Qual o objectivo principal da sua presença neste Encontro?
> 5- Qual a sua percepção das principais lacunas da comunidade portuguesa
> do Canadá no que concerne a estas questões da igualidade?
>6- Que outras iniciativas pretende fazer no futuro, envolvendo a
> comunidade portuguesa do Canadá?
>
> --Cristina Alves
1 - É ainda a vontade de promover uma maior igualdade de género que move a Associação da Mulher Migrante na presente iniciativa. Uma maior participação feminina é essencial para as próprias comunidades portuguesas, como o Governo reconheceu ao patrocinar a nossa ideia, dando-nos meios que de outra forma não teríamos para nos lançarmos nesta autêntica campanha de mobilização, que conta sempre também com a responsabilidade de uma organização local. Aliás, a Mulher Migrante não foi a única ONG a integrar-se numa eficaz parceria pela parte do país. A Fundação Pro Dignitate da Drª Maria Barroso, a Universidade Aberta, a Rede Jovem para a Igualdade estiveram irmanadas em tudo quanto se fez!
O próximo seminário realiza-se na Casa do Alentejo, em Toronto, nos dias 22 e 24 de Outubro.
2 - Sim, na verdade estas iniciativas, voltadas para a área particular dos “media” - da imagem e da intervenção das mulheres migrantes através do jornalismo e dos jornalistas - podem considerar-se como uma maneira de prosseguir os “encontros para a cidadania”. Neste plano, visava-se incentivar a participação cívica das portuguesas no estrangeiro e, por isso, se procurou o envolvimento do mundo associativo, onde achamos que podem dar uma contribuição muito maior do que lhes foi permitido no passado. E como os “media” das comunidades são parte desse universo, oferecendo oportunidades muito específicas, propusemos como que um projecto com vida própria dentro do projecto global. E assim nasceu esta série de seminários paralelos, todos previstos para antes do congresso internacional de Espinho, que marcava o termo da parceria com a Secretaria de Estado, entre 2005 e 2009.
Apenas foi possível realizar o primeiro, na Universidade de Massachussets – Dartmouth, com uma rápida intervenção da Cônsul de Portugal, antes dessa data. Mas, como o interesse da programação se mantinha, a Secretaria de Estado aceitou a sua continuação. O segundo seminário foi em Montreal, em fins de Março de2009, também organizado pelo Consulado de Portugal e pelo Jornal Luso Press e o terceiro em Newark – igualmente uma parceria do Consulado e da universidade local. O de Toronto será, pois, o último, para fecharmos “com chave de ouro”!
3 – Cada encontro é diferente, à imagem de quem o organiza, embora a temática seja semelhante: uma análise da forma como a “media” vem tratando a mulher migrante e a sua inserção no interior da comunidade e da sociedade de acolhimento. Há os que o fazem já muito bem, outros ainda não… Queremos despertá-los, a todos, para a necessidade de ajustar as notícias à realidade, não”esquecendo” a vida e a obra das mulheres, quase sempre mais importante do que parece ou transparece nas páginas dos jornais, na rádio, na tv... E, por outro lado, dar conta do papel das mulheres jornalistas, que são cada vez mais e cada vez mais em postos relevantes.
4 – A organização cabe à Drª Humberta Araújo, que participou no seminário de Newark, e que procurará, certamente, chamar ao debate jornalistas, mulheres e homens, dirigentes associativos e, de um modo geral, as pessoas que se interessam por estas matérias. A ideia é não só saber o que se passa em Toronto, mas o que pode mudar – a mudança é o objectivo principal de todos estes projectos. Um “brainstorming”, par abrir novas perspectivas! Um debate aberto, franco, informal, motivador.
5 – De Portugal há sempre alguém das instituições que compõem a parceria que deve estar presente, para poder intervir, dar conta dos objectivos das acções, “fazer a ponte” entre elas e apresentar relatórios ao Governo, que as tem apoiado tão fortemente.
Cabe-me a mim, em Toronto, esse agradável trabalho, que faço com gosto.
6- A perfeição não foi atingida em parte alguma, mas, no que respeita à participação das mulheres portuguesas, julgo que Toronto e, em geral, o Canadá dão muito bons exemplos – sobretudo a nível do associativismo jovem.
E no jornalismo não poderemos nunca esquecer Málice Ribeiro, uma verdadeira pioneira, um brilhante paradigma feminino de capacidade de intervenção cívica, de coragem e de força anímica! Vamos justamente, por iniciativa da Drª Humberta, prestar-lhe a nossa homenagem. Ela foi, também, fundadora e grande animadora da Associação Mulher Migrante. Está sempre presente no nosso pensamento.
7 - Numa fase, em que um determinado programa termina, mais do que apresentar sugestões o que pretendo é ouvir as pessoas e procurar corresponder ao que elas quiserem. Podem contar não só comigo, com a minha disponibilidade, mas connosco, Associação voltada para as questões da emigração e para os problemas de mulheres e de homens, que sempre tratamos por igual, trabalhando lado a lado.
> 1 - A sua deslocação ao Canadá insere-se nos “Encontros para a
> Cidadania: A Igualdade entre Mulheres e Homens nas Comunidades
> Portuguesas”. Como é que surgiu esta oportunidade?
>- Em concreto, onde e quando vai ocorrer o Encontro?
>2 - Tendo em conta que os Encontros para a Cidadania eram um ciclo a ser
> desenvolvido pela Direcação Geral dos Assuntos Consulares e das
> Comunidades Portuguesas entre 2005 e 2009, em que quadro se insere este prolongamento?
>3 - No que é que vai consistir este Encontro?
>4- Qual o objectivo principal da sua presença neste Encontro?
> 5- Qual a sua percepção das principais lacunas da comunidade portuguesa
> do Canadá no que concerne a estas questões da igualidade?
>6- Que outras iniciativas pretende fazer no futuro, envolvendo a
> comunidade portuguesa do Canadá?
>
> --Cristina Alves
1 - É ainda a vontade de promover uma maior igualdade de género que move a Associação da Mulher Migrante na presente iniciativa. Uma maior participação feminina é essencial para as próprias comunidades portuguesas, como o Governo reconheceu ao patrocinar a nossa ideia, dando-nos meios que de outra forma não teríamos para nos lançarmos nesta autêntica campanha de mobilização, que conta sempre também com a responsabilidade de uma organização local. Aliás, a Mulher Migrante não foi a única ONG a integrar-se numa eficaz parceria pela parte do país. A Fundação Pro Dignitate da Drª Maria Barroso, a Universidade Aberta, a Rede Jovem para a Igualdade estiveram irmanadas em tudo quanto se fez!
O próximo seminário realiza-se na Casa do Alentejo, em Toronto, nos dias 22 e 24 de Outubro.
2 - Sim, na verdade estas iniciativas, voltadas para a área particular dos “media” - da imagem e da intervenção das mulheres migrantes através do jornalismo e dos jornalistas - podem considerar-se como uma maneira de prosseguir os “encontros para a cidadania”. Neste plano, visava-se incentivar a participação cívica das portuguesas no estrangeiro e, por isso, se procurou o envolvimento do mundo associativo, onde achamos que podem dar uma contribuição muito maior do que lhes foi permitido no passado. E como os “media” das comunidades são parte desse universo, oferecendo oportunidades muito específicas, propusemos como que um projecto com vida própria dentro do projecto global. E assim nasceu esta série de seminários paralelos, todos previstos para antes do congresso internacional de Espinho, que marcava o termo da parceria com a Secretaria de Estado, entre 2005 e 2009.
Apenas foi possível realizar o primeiro, na Universidade de Massachussets – Dartmouth, com uma rápida intervenção da Cônsul de Portugal, antes dessa data. Mas, como o interesse da programação se mantinha, a Secretaria de Estado aceitou a sua continuação. O segundo seminário foi em Montreal, em fins de Março de2009, também organizado pelo Consulado de Portugal e pelo Jornal Luso Press e o terceiro em Newark – igualmente uma parceria do Consulado e da universidade local. O de Toronto será, pois, o último, para fecharmos “com chave de ouro”!
3 – Cada encontro é diferente, à imagem de quem o organiza, embora a temática seja semelhante: uma análise da forma como a “media” vem tratando a mulher migrante e a sua inserção no interior da comunidade e da sociedade de acolhimento. Há os que o fazem já muito bem, outros ainda não… Queremos despertá-los, a todos, para a necessidade de ajustar as notícias à realidade, não”esquecendo” a vida e a obra das mulheres, quase sempre mais importante do que parece ou transparece nas páginas dos jornais, na rádio, na tv... E, por outro lado, dar conta do papel das mulheres jornalistas, que são cada vez mais e cada vez mais em postos relevantes.
4 – A organização cabe à Drª Humberta Araújo, que participou no seminário de Newark, e que procurará, certamente, chamar ao debate jornalistas, mulheres e homens, dirigentes associativos e, de um modo geral, as pessoas que se interessam por estas matérias. A ideia é não só saber o que se passa em Toronto, mas o que pode mudar – a mudança é o objectivo principal de todos estes projectos. Um “brainstorming”, par abrir novas perspectivas! Um debate aberto, franco, informal, motivador.
5 – De Portugal há sempre alguém das instituições que compõem a parceria que deve estar presente, para poder intervir, dar conta dos objectivos das acções, “fazer a ponte” entre elas e apresentar relatórios ao Governo, que as tem apoiado tão fortemente.
Cabe-me a mim, em Toronto, esse agradável trabalho, que faço com gosto.
6- A perfeição não foi atingida em parte alguma, mas, no que respeita à participação das mulheres portuguesas, julgo que Toronto e, em geral, o Canadá dão muito bons exemplos – sobretudo a nível do associativismo jovem.
E no jornalismo não poderemos nunca esquecer Málice Ribeiro, uma verdadeira pioneira, um brilhante paradigma feminino de capacidade de intervenção cívica, de coragem e de força anímica! Vamos justamente, por iniciativa da Drª Humberta, prestar-lhe a nossa homenagem. Ela foi, também, fundadora e grande animadora da Associação Mulher Migrante. Está sempre presente no nosso pensamento.
7 - Numa fase, em que um determinado programa termina, mais do que apresentar sugestões o que pretendo é ouvir as pessoas e procurar corresponder ao que elas quiserem. Podem contar não só comigo, com a minha disponibilidade, mas connosco, Associação voltada para as questões da emigração e para os problemas de mulheres e de homens, que sempre tratamos por igual, trabalhando lado a lado.
terça-feira, 12 de outubro de 2010
1910 REPUBLICAN WOMEN OUT OF THE SHADOWS
Um pequeno texto da intervenção feita na Universidade de Berkeley, integrada no seminário sobre o centenário da República Portuguesa. (1ª versão)
MARIA MANUELA AGUIAR
Former Secretary of State for the Portuguese Communities; Founder and President of the Assembly of the “Mulher Migrante” (Migrant Women -Association for studies and cooperation)
mariamanuelaaguiar@gmail.com
1910 PORTUGUESE REPUBLICAN WOMEN OUT OF THE SHADOWS
In the beginning of the XX century a feminist and republican movement made history in Portugal. In a country where there was no tradition of feminine participation in public life an elite of highly cultured, courageous and strong-minded women came suddenly out of the shadows, with the support of republican leaders, in defense of democratic ideals and righteous causes, like education for all, equal civil laws and universal suffrage.
Suffrage was a promise never fulfilled and the cause of immediate dissent among the heads of the feminist movement, because some of them were more feminists than republicans, and others definitely more republicans than suffragists, even if they all remained faithful to the new regime. Did their natural moderation and their innate republican complicity with their male partners – husbands, family and friends - play against them?
In the end, they won their main battle through future generations of women and they are alive in the memory of the Republic today.
FEMINIST MOVEMENTS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
Feminist movements were in fast development in Europe from mid nineteen century on, with its main focus on suffrage. Portugal made no exception. However the first initiatives that started by the end the XIX century were restricted to a limited circle of believers on equality of sex and the circle did not expand much until 1907-1908, on the verge of the change of regime, and, when it did, it was by direct interference of republican prominent leaders – all men, of course. This particularity would, in my opinion, give historical feminism in Portugal its quite unique features and destiny, because it was supposed to become an asset to the republican cause, as well as to the cause of the emancipation of women. If not for that reason, the country did not seem to have much in its favor to be singled out for accomplishments in this special field. As in other southern European societies there was no tradition of women playing a role in public life. We know that throughout the centuries our historians portrayed a few outstanding women, monarchs, heads of state or acting as such, very influential and powerful Queens of Portugal, ruling side by side with their husbands or descent, unexpected fighters in heroic battles in faraway lands of the empire - in the Portuguese half of the world as divided by a Pope... - and a few remarkable writers, poets, artists, and even leaders or participants of mass upraises, the last one alive in the memory of the people being the legendary Maria da Fonte – who inspired one the hymns of the Republic, still sung in official ceremonies . They were accepted and admired by their contemporaries as exceptions - our own iron ladies.
However, European ideas, tendencies, social movements, sooner or later, had its effects among us and later than sooner "feminism" did. By 1902, a leading intellectual and feminist Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcelos - German born, Portuguese by marriage, and the first woman to belong to the Academy of Sciences and to become professor of the University of Coimbra - wrote that there was no women's organization at all in the country and that from her point of view, that of someone born and brought up abroad, women’s political participation was unthinkable, seen as unnatural by Portuguese standards (1). At the time, French or British feminists were already promoting huge marches of protest against discrimination through the avenues of Paris or London. In 1903, Mrs. Pankhurst was engaged in setting up the "Women Social and Political Union". In 1910, the so called suffragettes, her potent and radical movement, organized a march that extended for several miles along the streets of London on the way to the parliament, the very day a proposal on feminine suffrage was defeated. Over 200 MP'S had supported it - many, but not enough... In the same circumstances, every time an electoral law denied them the right to vote, the Portuguese put all their indignation in a carefully and beautifully written paper or asked for an audience to express their disillusion to a sympathetic but ineffective high dignitary - the President of the Republic himself, or the Prime Minister, or the Speaker of the House... (2).
In this domain, accomplishments or lack of them have more to do with a cultural gap “north-south” than with the nature of the regime. Stable Nordic monarchies like Denmark, Norway and Sweden, did not need to envisage a change of system in order to improve women's status and they did set an example of good laws and good practices much earlier than the two revolutionary Republics, France and Portugal, and many other countries in the world...(3).
In Denmark, women were on the way to get the right to vote at local level (1908) even if they had to wait until 1915 to equal unrestricted vote in all elections and until 1921 to access to all careers, army excepted. In Norway, Camilia Collet was a pioneer activist, since 1884, followed, in the beginning of the new century, by Gina Kroeg, founder of the "Union for Working Women". Norwegian women advanced step by step, first as full members of School Councils (1889), Social Security Councils (1890), and Municipal Councils (1901). In 1907 they were recognized as citizens with the right to vote at local and at national level. In 1911 the first Norwegian woman was elected to parliament. By 1912 most of the careers in the public sector were open to them. In Sweden clever support of the cause in the literary domain and religious ideals of fraternity seem to have played a more important role than legal arguments or the involvement of political personalities, mainly through the thesis and action of Frederika Bremer, contemporary of feminist writers like Ibsen or Ellen Key and herself an acknowledged writer, literary critic and a great speaker and campaigner as well. Sweden was the last northern country to approve legislation on women’s vote and eligibility for the parliament in 1919, three years later than Island. Finland had been the earliest. In 1906 an electoral law was passed and in 1907 the first female parliamentarian was elected. Southern Europe pursued the trend much later. In fact, in that geographical and cultural area only Spain was ahead of Portugal. (4)
FEMINISM IN PORTUGAL - A brief chronology
As predictable knowing the dominant mentality on what concerned women's participation in politics, the feminist movement never got much visibility and wide-ranging recognition. Even historians, nowadays, tend to under evaluate the influence it had in the birth of the new era. The history of Portuguese women is still in waiting, unwritten to the full extent of its worth as Elina Guimarães, the last survivor of that dazzling generation, appropriately asserted. (5 ) But facts are available for research... Women were there as the living proof that the feminine half of the republic was capable of living up to the social and cultural revolutionary ideals of gender equality, along with the principles of a new order in State and society. In fact, Portuguese feminism was never a vast mass movement, and although it engrossed gradually with a significant number of strong-willed, well-learned women, it was not to be as successful as it should have been, for several reasons. None had to do with their own capacity to make things work out better, in other time, other place… When you assess their culture or political “savoir faire” as expressed in so many speeches, and writings, you find no “gap” at all, looking at feminist leaders all over Europe... Among them, before and after the revolution, there are illustrious medical doctors, like Adelaide Cabete or Carolina Ângelo, writers like Ana de Castro Osório, Sara Beirão or Maria Lamas, teachers like Maria Veleda, Clara Correia Alves or Alice Pestana, journalists like Albertina Paraíso or Virgínia Quaresma, lawyers like Regina Quintanilha or Elina Guimarães (then a young law graduate).
A distinguished elite, in the company of a minority of few thousands of female citizens, unfortunately more and more divided, like republican politicians themselves, yet not for the same reasons - rather because some of the feminists, as the revolution went on and left them behind, took it better than others. Regrettably, they had a late appearance in the course of action for Women’s rights, they occupied their political and civic space for more or less 20 years and then their lessons or patterns of civic intervention were practically forgotten and lost, after the collapse of the Republic and the advent of a long and misogynous dictatorship, never to regain the same human dimension and radiance.
We will briefly look into these two decades- from 1906/7 to 1926.Initiatives undertaken in the end of the XIX century, interesting as they were, as the first “Feminist Congress” ,in 1892, or the first feminine newspaper (A Fronda) ,in 1897, had such limited impact that Carolina Michaelis in her essays on feminine enterprises does not take them into due consideration. In 1904, a few brave women did participate in the first "Congress of Freethinking" ( Congresso do Livre Pensamento) - names that would be part of the history of the Republic, like Adelaide Cabete and Maria Veleda, among others. Congresses, huge political meetings, as well as daily activities in republican centers played an important role in mobilizing public support that made the impossible revolution possible. Women suddenly became partners accepted and welcomed, sharing the intense and clever effort of republican propaganda widened by such means. Many of them got drawn in the daily life of Mason organizations, in journalism, in associations providing all kinds of social help to children and needy girls or women, including educational and vocational training. By the turning of the century, republican centers and clubs were being set up all over the country, to promote social and cultural activities, publishing papers and leaflets, in an attempt to spread the Republican Party line, the promises of an era of freedom, prosperity, democracy and equal participation for all. Women gained access to such clubs, mainly in Lisbon and other minor cosmopolitan urban areas. It was the proper way to prepare them for future headship and political commitment, even if, as we cannot ignore, they were given the opportunity to work for the victory of the republican cause rather than for the advance of their suffragist agenda, as they would soon find out...
In 1908, influential personalities, like Ana de Castro Osório and Adelaide Cabete were invited by António José de Almeida and other major members of the party to join the Portuguese Republican Party (PRP) in an organization of their own, the "Republican League of Portuguese Women". In 1909, the "League” became a formal structure of the party. In 1911, the denial of the suffrage in the legislation approved in March and April, grounded discontent that would lead to the coming apart of the "League". Mrs. Osório and Dr. Carolina Ângelo set up the "Association on Feminine Propaganda" (Associação de Propaganda Feminista") that became a member of the "International Women Suffrage Alliance". In 1913, a new electoral law unequivocally excluded female citizens. In 1914, another founder of the "League", Dr. Cabete formed the "National Council of Portuguese Women” (Conselho National das Mulheres Portuguesas), that was admitted to the International Council of Women, another international suffragist organization. (6)
In 1918, the electoral Law-decree, of March 30, did not open suffrage to women, and the same happened in 1919 (Decrees of March 1 and April 11). By then, no major founder remained in the League. They went their separate ways, divided by their different set of priorities. From 1914 to 1918, they were once again reunited in defense of Portugal participating in the world war. The Committee "Pro Pátria" was founded in 1914 and the “Portuguese Women Cruzade” (Cruzada das Mulheres Portuguesas) in 1916 headed by Ana de Castro Osório. It was her last civic crusade, a last display of great dynamism and courage not only in the diffusion of opinions but also in the direct help of wounded soldiers through “Committees” of nurses, regulated and supported by the government. (7)
In 1924, the I Congress on Feminism and Education (I Congresso Feminista e da Educação) was held. President Teixeira Lopes and future (soon to be) President Bernardino Machado were both there. In 1928, already under dictatorship, without any kind of official support, a second and last Congress took place.
The vote came 3 years later, incongruously by the hand of Salazar, the quintessence of antifeminism - a restricted vote as proposed and as defeated many a time during the 16 agitated years of the first Republic. (8)
A TOUCH OF LONG LASTING MODERNISM
Portuguese feminists gained very important battles, like education for women, co-education, more or less egalitarian civil laws, family laws and divorce, more opportunity for professional work, involvement in politics, in journalism, in sciences and arts. They got the moral certainty of their remarkable contribution for the change of customs, mentalities, and laws on the line of democracy... However, they were never full citizens in the new Republic, as they never acquired the right to vote. None of them would ever have the option of running for parliament, like Mrs. Pankhurst, or of being elected as a Member of Parliament as Lady Astor was, in England, soon after the end of the first war... But in the 8th of March 1988, more than eight decades after the commencement of their long struggle for emancipation and of the setting up of the "Group of Women' Studies" (joining Cabete, Osório and followers) a tribute was paid to them in the House. Some of them were, at last, "given the floor” through the voices of women of our generation. The proposal had been made by poet Natália Correia, then a Member of Parliament, someone you could compare to the best of the 1910 generation.(10)
Let me repeat some of the citations chosen for that memorable occasion, as the words sound surprisingly meaningful, significant and up to date, even if something gets lost in my translation… We, nowadays, would not put it differently, and their terms point out to many challenges still to be met.
Angelina Vidal
"For us the emancipation of women is the founding stone of public morality. We recognize many difficulties to reach such a fair scope, but we cannot forget that all the great ideals of what is fair or beautiful or lawful, worked out through sacrifices and merit of successive generations, were formerly considered as utopias. And in two other very interesting remarks she concluded: “We cannot separate our emancipation from men’s emancipation”. Freedom does not tolerate any kind of slavery, only freed women may bring into being free, strong, moral and healthy societies (11)
Emmeline Pankhurst, who once said "if civilization is to advance at all, it must be through the help of women, freed of their political shackles, women with full power to work their will in society", would agree.
Maria Veleda
"We want a new world, without discrimination based on race, caste, without discouraging laws, without slavery of any kind, without mistrust between sexes... men and women united to reach the same scope, to share the same possessions, rights and ideals" (...) women have to walk side by side with men, calm, spirited and self-possessed”.
She defends education and the need of professional training for women and equal participation - topics still in our agenda. And she calls attention to the fact that lack of direct participation may induce evil forms of compensation: "If a woman can't elect she may conspire, she has done so in different ages, or fought with arms in their hands like those sturdy peasants who followed Maria da Fonte". 12)
Alice Pestana
Pestana (her pseudonym “Caiel”) is considered more a pacifist than a conventional feminist, but in fact I think she was both. President of the "Portuguese League for Peace", since 1889, a synthesis of her thought was presented in the parliamentarian session we are referring to: “The Portuguese Nation must give women modern learning, mobilize them to get interest in social actuality they now think about much more with their heart than with adequate comprehension, instruction and intellectual capacity”.
She is above all a peace fighter engaged in a war against war: “We ask for the creation of Committees for the cause if peace in each country, so that in the XX century we may live in harmony, meaning peace, freedom, and justice”. Nonetheless, she makes an exception, not seen as a contradiction, for what she designates the battle for a noble cause, stating that women, “have been on the side of justice, democracy and peace throughout the ages, even when written history does not mention it. In classical armies she usually finds no place, but in guerilla, resistance or liberation armies, in mass movements she is present.” She, specifically, refers to mass movements as those contributing to the independency and the foundation of national identity in Portugal. (13)
Ana de Castro Osório
Mrs. Osório was the most famous of the feminists of her time and also the one who seems to have been the first one to fear the incapacity of the Republic to carry out the promise of feminine suffrage, as she said: “If a Republic does exclude us from its civic laws, we cannot consider ours the country where we have no rights, where we don’t have a voice to protest”. Suffrage is her priority, a target always pursued and never attained, yet she does not minimize progress where it really happened, as in social and cultural spheres – education, more family rights, opportunities of revealing unexpected competence in social and civic activities, or in professional work. She stresses that things were already moving fast: “One who would defend the idea of feminine subjection or inferiority in a public statement would be compared to those who would have the poor courage of being in favor of slavery".
“To be feminist does not scare anyone today, because the advancements brought by feminism are so many and so revealing of the high principles that guide intelligent women, that opponents do not dare speak against it - even if they wanted to - because their opinion would be considered as outrageous”. Many a time she addresses “true feminism” in precisely that logic: “to be feminist is a duty of all parents". It has to do with "the aim of educating women in a practical and useful way", to turn them into “sensible and able human beings free from dependence, that denies human dignity”. According to her, true feminism is to be shared by men and women. It is not to be seen simply as part of the social problems of class struggle or poverty. The rights of poor or wealthy women, commoners or aristocrats are to be taken in the same level of importance. On the other side, states Mrs. Osório, true feminism is not “a defense of the egotism of one sex against the other”. It is about altruism and women’s will to take their share in collective life, to improve the situation for all, for a better society. And as a true democrat, as well, she adds: “Good and practical ideas as they come from private initiative should be supported and followed by governments that respect public opinion”. (14)
Carolina Beatriz Ângelo
Last in the short list of the 1988 MP's in that historical session, Dr. Ângelo was specially remembered by her celebrated solitary act of voting, as a woman citizen, in the earliest election after the proclamation of the Republic - in 1911, May 28. She became the first southern European woman to exercise the right to vote. It was news all over Europe! In fact, she skillfully took advantage of the text of the electoral law that admitted to suffrage all citizens who were over 21, heads of a family and literate. As a 33 years old widow, the mother of a child, and a doctor by profession, she formally satisfied all the conditions required to vote. Nevertheless, being woman, her registration was denied by the authorities, because no electoral laws in the country had ever mentioned sex, either to include or exclude one, but women had always being implicitly barred. She went to court and won her case against the authorities. The Judge, who by the way, was a liberal republican and the father of Ana de Castro Osório (a true feminist, by his own daughter’s definition) decided in her favor. If the legislator intended to leave out the feminine sex, he should say so, unambiguously, ruled the Judge… In 1913, that is exactly what the law-makers did say. Women had to wait for over 20 years to be integrated in a limited circle of officially registered participants in elections. (15).
We cited the favorable press Dr. Ângelo´s suffrage immediately obtained, at national and international level. We should also refer to the enthusiastic standing ovation she got from all men who had the privilege of witnessing the historical moment of her ballot vote. In the Portuguese Parliament in 1988 her daring act was once again given a round of applause.
Not only these few women we cited but others, who were at their side a hundred years ago, look like our contemporaries, as if they could be our sisters rather than our grand-mothers… I think the main explanation for this kind of “anachronism” is the fact that theirs was feminism more "feminine" by contrast with other concepts of their epoch and of our own, at least in Portugal. A feminism inspired by the concept of gender equilibrium and cooperation, of "gender parity", as we call it nowadays, than that of gender war, refusing rage or hate between sexes and preaching acceptance and tolerance between them. The uttered opinion of Ana de Castro Osório : "We never witnessed violent fights as in foreign countries where the feminist question turned out to be a true sex war.”
Gender parity is how still what Portuguese legislator is seeking today, in our Constitution and in our laws, along with the majority of women and men engaged in the fight for equality, even if some of them may disagree with the existing regulation imposing the quota system.(16 ) The reasons why they seem ahead of their times are certainly due to their own merit, to their own awareness of the social problems involved and the best possible solutions, but it is also partly explained by their position in family and society. They were select few of educated women linked by ideological as well as family ties with the republican counterpart. They came suddenly out of the shadows by their own free will, but with the help and complicity of men, with whom they shared beliefs and aims, destiny, global political projects for a future in which they had a role to play. They were ready to engage in the same revolution, to accept the same duties, to undergo the same risks as their fellow men. They believed that a Republic would mean general progress and would treat them as equal citizens with full civil, family and political rights. They were part of the cosmopolitan assertive leadership emerging in the Republican Party, conspiring side by side with parents, husbands, brothers and friends. In 1910 no Portuguese feminist could foresee that the laws on suffrage would remain unchanged. Their long fighting had started in full hope and amiable complicity with men, seen as allies not foes. For them laws concerning women’s rights were far behind social practices, because at least in their own upper class of cultured people they were treated as equals. The Republic, they felt sure, would instantly fill the space between law and life. We know how wrong they were…
A FEMINIST AND REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT
A feminist and republican movement - as it was two in one in 1910. It makes a distinction when you differentiate the Portuguese example from others, even if links of feminists groups with political parties existed elsewhere. In Portugal, the advent of the Republic was truly seen by the suffragists as a prerequisite for the achievement of their goal. On behalf of the Republic many of them would, in fact, in later years confirm a no-nonsense approach to politics, including the sacrifice of the vital issue of women's right to vote. They gave up equal suffrage, limiting their claim to a small circle of highly educated ladies... These exceptional women kind of ladylike way of behaving inside the political world, carefully staying away from foreign examples of extremism in their individual outward show in public life, and sometimes even in their manner of demanding equality and justice did probably play against them. (16). Very often it does not pay off to be too much ahead of times! Theirs was or is, as I see it, the right attitude for us in the new century, but then and there it may have been premature... Now we can afford reconciliation and harmony - or synthesis. A century ago it was time for antithesis, for unbending and hard opposition.
Lack of harshness was, on my opinion, only one the main reasons for (partial) failure: a kind of contradiction between their consistent and often brilliant writing or speeches, even if they were more or less temperate, and their way of political intervention, too much soft to have the necessary impact. Another cause was dissent among them: dispute on what concerns priorities, the priority of many of them being education, employment and massive civic intervention initially and suffrage later – obviously, a very convenient order of precedence for the republican leaders. The movement did spit into several smaller circles because some of them were republicans above all - like Maria Veleda, the unconditional supporter of Afonso Costa and his radical Democratic Party - and others were more feminists than republicans, like Cabete and Osório, who never gave up the fundamental battle for suffrage, along with other more consensual issues, like education. Education was, as they all agreed upon, an indispensable basis of the emancipation of the feminine sex. Radical, revolutionary or law abiding feminists, and even a more conservative non feminist wing, shared that conviction. (17) Education for women - a very limited number, of course - was already under way before the Republic was established, but from them on the focus was on the relevance of equal public instruction for both sexes, from primary to high school and to university, and it became an irreversible process that lasted during the ages of the so called “New State". (18) . The trend that started in 1910, with the help of the feminist movements may be considered as the most important contribution of the Republic to the emancipation of women.
The refusal of universal suffrage was a major disillusion for the feminists. In a way, their suffragist campaign started hand in hand with their male associates, and they gave up the aim of immediate and full equality to help strengthening the new regime, until it could be self confident enough to be able to satisfy their demands. Unlike suffragists in England and almost everywhere, they seemed as afraid as men proved to be of the consequences universal suffrage. It is well known that leftist parties feared the conservative vote of women - and the conservative parties, sure to gain by their voting, were simply against it... In Portugal, ruling republicans also rejected conservative male vote, artificially reducing the electoral universe to a very small percentage of the adult population… The hostile rural catholic and monarchist vote was largely reduced by the requisites of alphabetization and tax-paying.(19) Electoral laws introduced a few changes, but never eliminated these two very useful discriminations. Republican women were themselves, aware of the risk of endangering the future of the regime by adopting a system a liberal and open voting system. That explains their approval of the manipulation and cutback of the electoral universe. They never asked for the ballot vote for all women - just for the much reduced number of those who were educated, and considered as more republican than the others.... That is why they went as far as accepting unequal vote, according to sex.
Looking back , we must conclude that Republics, like France and Portugal, delayed fair treatment of female citizens for as long as they could and so many of the countries where women firs got equal civil and political rights were - and remained until now! - Constitutional democratic monarchies. In Portugal, really, feminists had no alternative but to trust republicans, because there was no place for them in any of the monarchist parties, as the very few monarchists who were in favor of women's emancipation did acknowledge. (20) Unfortunately there was no proper place for them in the Republican public institutions, either... They worked hard for the revolution, they remained faithful to the republican principles, and their participation inside public institutions could have made a difference.
The incapacity of the republican politicians and parties to play it fair with them was a sign of the inevitable decline of the regime, lost by dissension and instability, by centralist and authoritarian urges and by growing lack of public support. Part of our dead past…
Feminist thoughts and ideals, as the parliamentarians of 1988 wanted to stress, are very much alive. The feminists of the Republic, their hopes and dreams, did have more future than present - the opposite of the regime... Many Portuguese of my generation still look at them as inspiring and amazing fighters, so gentle and strong, setting good examples and making us think that in 1910 we, too, would have been republicans and feminists. In 2010, we are simply democrats, and feminists, true feminists, according to Osorio’s definition.
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Notes
(1) In “ O Primeiro de Janeiro”, 11 de Setembro, 1902
(2) João Esteves, “Mulheres e Republicanismo (1908-1928), Colecção “O Fio de Ariana”, Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Género, Lisboa, 2008, p. 9-22)
(3) See for detailed comments one of the best books written in Portuguese on the situation of women around the world “As Mulheres no Mundo” by Maria Lamas.
(4) There was a tremendous gap “north-south” on what concerns legislation and access to seats in Parliament, as a simple chronology clearly reveals: Spain 1924,1927; Portugal 1931,1935; France 1944, 1946; Italy,1945, 1946; Malta 1947,1947; Greece,1952, 1952
In Maria Reynolds de Sousa “A Concessão do Voto às Portuguesas”, colecção “O Fio de Ariana”, Comissão para a Igualdade e os Direitos das Mulheres, Lisboa 2006, p. 81-89
(5) In 1926 lawyer Elina Guimarães and writer Maria Lamas, were in their twenties. They, along with a few others, held the fight during Salazar’s and lived long enough to spend their last years in democracy. Public tribute to the highest degree was then paid to them.
(6) The NCPW , resisted for years, under the "Estado Novo" or "New State", along with the paper "Alma Feminina", where many of the texts and some of the reports on international congresses made by Adelaide Cabete were published . The “Council” was extinguished by Salazar's government in 1947, its last president being Maria Lamas.
(7) To Ana de Castro Osório the campaign was an opportunity for many Portuguese women: “women prisoners of stereotypes, deprived of ideals, aims and initiatives will now be in contact with the grand, romantic and valiant soul of the people, alive in our soldiers. In “Em tempo de Guerra, aos soldados e mulheres do meu país”, Lisboa, Editores Ventura e companhia, 1918, p 22.
(8)Maria Reynolds de Sousa, cit , p. 37.
(9) In “Diário da Assembleia da República”, Sessão Plenária, 8 de Março de 1988.
(10) Op cit, p. 2081-2082.
(11) Op cit, p. 2082-2084
(12) Op cit p. 2084-2085
(13)Op cit, p. 2085-2088. Mrs Osório's book "As Mulheres Portuguesas", published in 1905 is considered the first one written in favor of a feminist movement, as it would develop in the immediate future.
(14) Op cit, p. 2088. See letter from Dr Ângelo on the immediate effect of her ballot vote in « A Capital », 29 de Maio de 1911.
(15) In “Iniciativas para a Igualdade de Género”, Coordenação Maria Manuela Aguiar, Edição “Mulher Migrante, Associação de Estudo, Cooperação e Solidariedade”, 2006, p. 90-97
(16) Two statements by Cabete on education and on feminism show what we are trying to convey, that is, the mixinf of high principles with a certain kind of conventionality:
“It is necessary that the educated men takes care of the education of his companion, that the freed man takes her as a freed woman”.
“Feminism is not what it supposed to be by so many people – women eager to mimic men by smoking, by using white collars and ties and other ridiculous imitations.”
(17) Among the anti feminists, Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho was one of the voices “pro” education for girls and one of the high schools in Lisbon is named after her.
(18) It enables us to be, right now, at the top of the ranking, worldwide, where percentages of women graduates are concerned in almost any area, from law to medical studies where women are well over 60%.
(19) The program of the Republican Party by the end of the XIX century was definitely in favor of universal suffrage as well as a constituency system throughout the country - in the name of real decentralization of power. None was to be accomplished... Portugal had at the time a population of 5 million people and only one million could read and write, among them not much more than 300.000 women. According to successive laws only about 700.00 in the total population could register to vote...
(20) Dom Antonio da Costa, one of the few monarchist to support the rights of women, praises the program of the Republican party for the defense of equality of gender a famous book published in 1892 : “A Mulher em Portugal".
MARIA MANUELA AGUIAR
Former Secretary of State for the Portuguese Communities; Founder and President of the Assembly of the “Mulher Migrante” (Migrant Women -Association for studies and cooperation)
mariamanuelaaguiar@gmail.com
1910 PORTUGUESE REPUBLICAN WOMEN OUT OF THE SHADOWS
In the beginning of the XX century a feminist and republican movement made history in Portugal. In a country where there was no tradition of feminine participation in public life an elite of highly cultured, courageous and strong-minded women came suddenly out of the shadows, with the support of republican leaders, in defense of democratic ideals and righteous causes, like education for all, equal civil laws and universal suffrage.
Suffrage was a promise never fulfilled and the cause of immediate dissent among the heads of the feminist movement, because some of them were more feminists than republicans, and others definitely more republicans than suffragists, even if they all remained faithful to the new regime. Did their natural moderation and their innate republican complicity with their male partners – husbands, family and friends - play against them?
In the end, they won their main battle through future generations of women and they are alive in the memory of the Republic today.
FEMINIST MOVEMENTS IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY
Feminist movements were in fast development in Europe from mid nineteen century on, with its main focus on suffrage. Portugal made no exception. However the first initiatives that started by the end the XIX century were restricted to a limited circle of believers on equality of sex and the circle did not expand much until 1907-1908, on the verge of the change of regime, and, when it did, it was by direct interference of republican prominent leaders – all men, of course. This particularity would, in my opinion, give historical feminism in Portugal its quite unique features and destiny, because it was supposed to become an asset to the republican cause, as well as to the cause of the emancipation of women. If not for that reason, the country did not seem to have much in its favor to be singled out for accomplishments in this special field. As in other southern European societies there was no tradition of women playing a role in public life. We know that throughout the centuries our historians portrayed a few outstanding women, monarchs, heads of state or acting as such, very influential and powerful Queens of Portugal, ruling side by side with their husbands or descent, unexpected fighters in heroic battles in faraway lands of the empire - in the Portuguese half of the world as divided by a Pope... - and a few remarkable writers, poets, artists, and even leaders or participants of mass upraises, the last one alive in the memory of the people being the legendary Maria da Fonte – who inspired one the hymns of the Republic, still sung in official ceremonies . They were accepted and admired by their contemporaries as exceptions - our own iron ladies.
However, European ideas, tendencies, social movements, sooner or later, had its effects among us and later than sooner "feminism" did. By 1902, a leading intellectual and feminist Carolina Michaelis de Vasconcelos - German born, Portuguese by marriage, and the first woman to belong to the Academy of Sciences and to become professor of the University of Coimbra - wrote that there was no women's organization at all in the country and that from her point of view, that of someone born and brought up abroad, women’s political participation was unthinkable, seen as unnatural by Portuguese standards (1). At the time, French or British feminists were already promoting huge marches of protest against discrimination through the avenues of Paris or London. In 1903, Mrs. Pankhurst was engaged in setting up the "Women Social and Political Union". In 1910, the so called suffragettes, her potent and radical movement, organized a march that extended for several miles along the streets of London on the way to the parliament, the very day a proposal on feminine suffrage was defeated. Over 200 MP'S had supported it - many, but not enough... In the same circumstances, every time an electoral law denied them the right to vote, the Portuguese put all their indignation in a carefully and beautifully written paper or asked for an audience to express their disillusion to a sympathetic but ineffective high dignitary - the President of the Republic himself, or the Prime Minister, or the Speaker of the House... (2).
In this domain, accomplishments or lack of them have more to do with a cultural gap “north-south” than with the nature of the regime. Stable Nordic monarchies like Denmark, Norway and Sweden, did not need to envisage a change of system in order to improve women's status and they did set an example of good laws and good practices much earlier than the two revolutionary Republics, France and Portugal, and many other countries in the world...(3).
In Denmark, women were on the way to get the right to vote at local level (1908) even if they had to wait until 1915 to equal unrestricted vote in all elections and until 1921 to access to all careers, army excepted. In Norway, Camilia Collet was a pioneer activist, since 1884, followed, in the beginning of the new century, by Gina Kroeg, founder of the "Union for Working Women". Norwegian women advanced step by step, first as full members of School Councils (1889), Social Security Councils (1890), and Municipal Councils (1901). In 1907 they were recognized as citizens with the right to vote at local and at national level. In 1911 the first Norwegian woman was elected to parliament. By 1912 most of the careers in the public sector were open to them. In Sweden clever support of the cause in the literary domain and religious ideals of fraternity seem to have played a more important role than legal arguments or the involvement of political personalities, mainly through the thesis and action of Frederika Bremer, contemporary of feminist writers like Ibsen or Ellen Key and herself an acknowledged writer, literary critic and a great speaker and campaigner as well. Sweden was the last northern country to approve legislation on women’s vote and eligibility for the parliament in 1919, three years later than Island. Finland had been the earliest. In 1906 an electoral law was passed and in 1907 the first female parliamentarian was elected. Southern Europe pursued the trend much later. In fact, in that geographical and cultural area only Spain was ahead of Portugal. (4)
FEMINISM IN PORTUGAL - A brief chronology
As predictable knowing the dominant mentality on what concerned women's participation in politics, the feminist movement never got much visibility and wide-ranging recognition. Even historians, nowadays, tend to under evaluate the influence it had in the birth of the new era. The history of Portuguese women is still in waiting, unwritten to the full extent of its worth as Elina Guimarães, the last survivor of that dazzling generation, appropriately asserted. (5 ) But facts are available for research... Women were there as the living proof that the feminine half of the republic was capable of living up to the social and cultural revolutionary ideals of gender equality, along with the principles of a new order in State and society. In fact, Portuguese feminism was never a vast mass movement, and although it engrossed gradually with a significant number of strong-willed, well-learned women, it was not to be as successful as it should have been, for several reasons. None had to do with their own capacity to make things work out better, in other time, other place… When you assess their culture or political “savoir faire” as expressed in so many speeches, and writings, you find no “gap” at all, looking at feminist leaders all over Europe... Among them, before and after the revolution, there are illustrious medical doctors, like Adelaide Cabete or Carolina Ângelo, writers like Ana de Castro Osório, Sara Beirão or Maria Lamas, teachers like Maria Veleda, Clara Correia Alves or Alice Pestana, journalists like Albertina Paraíso or Virgínia Quaresma, lawyers like Regina Quintanilha or Elina Guimarães (then a young law graduate).
A distinguished elite, in the company of a minority of few thousands of female citizens, unfortunately more and more divided, like republican politicians themselves, yet not for the same reasons - rather because some of the feminists, as the revolution went on and left them behind, took it better than others. Regrettably, they had a late appearance in the course of action for Women’s rights, they occupied their political and civic space for more or less 20 years and then their lessons or patterns of civic intervention were practically forgotten and lost, after the collapse of the Republic and the advent of a long and misogynous dictatorship, never to regain the same human dimension and radiance.
We will briefly look into these two decades- from 1906/7 to 1926.Initiatives undertaken in the end of the XIX century, interesting as they were, as the first “Feminist Congress” ,in 1892, or the first feminine newspaper (A Fronda) ,in 1897, had such limited impact that Carolina Michaelis in her essays on feminine enterprises does not take them into due consideration. In 1904, a few brave women did participate in the first "Congress of Freethinking" ( Congresso do Livre Pensamento) - names that would be part of the history of the Republic, like Adelaide Cabete and Maria Veleda, among others. Congresses, huge political meetings, as well as daily activities in republican centers played an important role in mobilizing public support that made the impossible revolution possible. Women suddenly became partners accepted and welcomed, sharing the intense and clever effort of republican propaganda widened by such means. Many of them got drawn in the daily life of Mason organizations, in journalism, in associations providing all kinds of social help to children and needy girls or women, including educational and vocational training. By the turning of the century, republican centers and clubs were being set up all over the country, to promote social and cultural activities, publishing papers and leaflets, in an attempt to spread the Republican Party line, the promises of an era of freedom, prosperity, democracy and equal participation for all. Women gained access to such clubs, mainly in Lisbon and other minor cosmopolitan urban areas. It was the proper way to prepare them for future headship and political commitment, even if, as we cannot ignore, they were given the opportunity to work for the victory of the republican cause rather than for the advance of their suffragist agenda, as they would soon find out...
In 1908, influential personalities, like Ana de Castro Osório and Adelaide Cabete were invited by António José de Almeida and other major members of the party to join the Portuguese Republican Party (PRP) in an organization of their own, the "Republican League of Portuguese Women". In 1909, the "League” became a formal structure of the party. In 1911, the denial of the suffrage in the legislation approved in March and April, grounded discontent that would lead to the coming apart of the "League". Mrs. Osório and Dr. Carolina Ângelo set up the "Association on Feminine Propaganda" (Associação de Propaganda Feminista") that became a member of the "International Women Suffrage Alliance". In 1913, a new electoral law unequivocally excluded female citizens. In 1914, another founder of the "League", Dr. Cabete formed the "National Council of Portuguese Women” (Conselho National das Mulheres Portuguesas), that was admitted to the International Council of Women, another international suffragist organization. (6)
In 1918, the electoral Law-decree, of March 30, did not open suffrage to women, and the same happened in 1919 (Decrees of March 1 and April 11). By then, no major founder remained in the League. They went their separate ways, divided by their different set of priorities. From 1914 to 1918, they were once again reunited in defense of Portugal participating in the world war. The Committee "Pro Pátria" was founded in 1914 and the “Portuguese Women Cruzade” (Cruzada das Mulheres Portuguesas) in 1916 headed by Ana de Castro Osório. It was her last civic crusade, a last display of great dynamism and courage not only in the diffusion of opinions but also in the direct help of wounded soldiers through “Committees” of nurses, regulated and supported by the government. (7)
In 1924, the I Congress on Feminism and Education (I Congresso Feminista e da Educação) was held. President Teixeira Lopes and future (soon to be) President Bernardino Machado were both there. In 1928, already under dictatorship, without any kind of official support, a second and last Congress took place.
The vote came 3 years later, incongruously by the hand of Salazar, the quintessence of antifeminism - a restricted vote as proposed and as defeated many a time during the 16 agitated years of the first Republic. (8)
A TOUCH OF LONG LASTING MODERNISM
Portuguese feminists gained very important battles, like education for women, co-education, more or less egalitarian civil laws, family laws and divorce, more opportunity for professional work, involvement in politics, in journalism, in sciences and arts. They got the moral certainty of their remarkable contribution for the change of customs, mentalities, and laws on the line of democracy... However, they were never full citizens in the new Republic, as they never acquired the right to vote. None of them would ever have the option of running for parliament, like Mrs. Pankhurst, or of being elected as a Member of Parliament as Lady Astor was, in England, soon after the end of the first war... But in the 8th of March 1988, more than eight decades after the commencement of their long struggle for emancipation and of the setting up of the "Group of Women' Studies" (joining Cabete, Osório and followers) a tribute was paid to them in the House. Some of them were, at last, "given the floor” through the voices of women of our generation. The proposal had been made by poet Natália Correia, then a Member of Parliament, someone you could compare to the best of the 1910 generation.(10)
Let me repeat some of the citations chosen for that memorable occasion, as the words sound surprisingly meaningful, significant and up to date, even if something gets lost in my translation… We, nowadays, would not put it differently, and their terms point out to many challenges still to be met.
Angelina Vidal
"For us the emancipation of women is the founding stone of public morality. We recognize many difficulties to reach such a fair scope, but we cannot forget that all the great ideals of what is fair or beautiful or lawful, worked out through sacrifices and merit of successive generations, were formerly considered as utopias. And in two other very interesting remarks she concluded: “We cannot separate our emancipation from men’s emancipation”. Freedom does not tolerate any kind of slavery, only freed women may bring into being free, strong, moral and healthy societies (11)
Emmeline Pankhurst, who once said "if civilization is to advance at all, it must be through the help of women, freed of their political shackles, women with full power to work their will in society", would agree.
Maria Veleda
"We want a new world, without discrimination based on race, caste, without discouraging laws, without slavery of any kind, without mistrust between sexes... men and women united to reach the same scope, to share the same possessions, rights and ideals" (...) women have to walk side by side with men, calm, spirited and self-possessed”.
She defends education and the need of professional training for women and equal participation - topics still in our agenda. And she calls attention to the fact that lack of direct participation may induce evil forms of compensation: "If a woman can't elect she may conspire, she has done so in different ages, or fought with arms in their hands like those sturdy peasants who followed Maria da Fonte". 12)
Alice Pestana
Pestana (her pseudonym “Caiel”) is considered more a pacifist than a conventional feminist, but in fact I think she was both. President of the "Portuguese League for Peace", since 1889, a synthesis of her thought was presented in the parliamentarian session we are referring to: “The Portuguese Nation must give women modern learning, mobilize them to get interest in social actuality they now think about much more with their heart than with adequate comprehension, instruction and intellectual capacity”.
She is above all a peace fighter engaged in a war against war: “We ask for the creation of Committees for the cause if peace in each country, so that in the XX century we may live in harmony, meaning peace, freedom, and justice”. Nonetheless, she makes an exception, not seen as a contradiction, for what she designates the battle for a noble cause, stating that women, “have been on the side of justice, democracy and peace throughout the ages, even when written history does not mention it. In classical armies she usually finds no place, but in guerilla, resistance or liberation armies, in mass movements she is present.” She, specifically, refers to mass movements as those contributing to the independency and the foundation of national identity in Portugal. (13)
Ana de Castro Osório
Mrs. Osório was the most famous of the feminists of her time and also the one who seems to have been the first one to fear the incapacity of the Republic to carry out the promise of feminine suffrage, as she said: “If a Republic does exclude us from its civic laws, we cannot consider ours the country where we have no rights, where we don’t have a voice to protest”. Suffrage is her priority, a target always pursued and never attained, yet she does not minimize progress where it really happened, as in social and cultural spheres – education, more family rights, opportunities of revealing unexpected competence in social and civic activities, or in professional work. She stresses that things were already moving fast: “One who would defend the idea of feminine subjection or inferiority in a public statement would be compared to those who would have the poor courage of being in favor of slavery".
“To be feminist does not scare anyone today, because the advancements brought by feminism are so many and so revealing of the high principles that guide intelligent women, that opponents do not dare speak against it - even if they wanted to - because their opinion would be considered as outrageous”. Many a time she addresses “true feminism” in precisely that logic: “to be feminist is a duty of all parents". It has to do with "the aim of educating women in a practical and useful way", to turn them into “sensible and able human beings free from dependence, that denies human dignity”. According to her, true feminism is to be shared by men and women. It is not to be seen simply as part of the social problems of class struggle or poverty. The rights of poor or wealthy women, commoners or aristocrats are to be taken in the same level of importance. On the other side, states Mrs. Osório, true feminism is not “a defense of the egotism of one sex against the other”. It is about altruism and women’s will to take their share in collective life, to improve the situation for all, for a better society. And as a true democrat, as well, she adds: “Good and practical ideas as they come from private initiative should be supported and followed by governments that respect public opinion”. (14)
Carolina Beatriz Ângelo
Last in the short list of the 1988 MP's in that historical session, Dr. Ângelo was specially remembered by her celebrated solitary act of voting, as a woman citizen, in the earliest election after the proclamation of the Republic - in 1911, May 28. She became the first southern European woman to exercise the right to vote. It was news all over Europe! In fact, she skillfully took advantage of the text of the electoral law that admitted to suffrage all citizens who were over 21, heads of a family and literate. As a 33 years old widow, the mother of a child, and a doctor by profession, she formally satisfied all the conditions required to vote. Nevertheless, being woman, her registration was denied by the authorities, because no electoral laws in the country had ever mentioned sex, either to include or exclude one, but women had always being implicitly barred. She went to court and won her case against the authorities. The Judge, who by the way, was a liberal republican and the father of Ana de Castro Osório (a true feminist, by his own daughter’s definition) decided in her favor. If the legislator intended to leave out the feminine sex, he should say so, unambiguously, ruled the Judge… In 1913, that is exactly what the law-makers did say. Women had to wait for over 20 years to be integrated in a limited circle of officially registered participants in elections. (15).
We cited the favorable press Dr. Ângelo´s suffrage immediately obtained, at national and international level. We should also refer to the enthusiastic standing ovation she got from all men who had the privilege of witnessing the historical moment of her ballot vote. In the Portuguese Parliament in 1988 her daring act was once again given a round of applause.
Not only these few women we cited but others, who were at their side a hundred years ago, look like our contemporaries, as if they could be our sisters rather than our grand-mothers… I think the main explanation for this kind of “anachronism” is the fact that theirs was feminism more "feminine" by contrast with other concepts of their epoch and of our own, at least in Portugal. A feminism inspired by the concept of gender equilibrium and cooperation, of "gender parity", as we call it nowadays, than that of gender war, refusing rage or hate between sexes and preaching acceptance and tolerance between them. The uttered opinion of Ana de Castro Osório : "We never witnessed violent fights as in foreign countries where the feminist question turned out to be a true sex war.”
Gender parity is how still what Portuguese legislator is seeking today, in our Constitution and in our laws, along with the majority of women and men engaged in the fight for equality, even if some of them may disagree with the existing regulation imposing the quota system.(16 ) The reasons why they seem ahead of their times are certainly due to their own merit, to their own awareness of the social problems involved and the best possible solutions, but it is also partly explained by their position in family and society. They were select few of educated women linked by ideological as well as family ties with the republican counterpart. They came suddenly out of the shadows by their own free will, but with the help and complicity of men, with whom they shared beliefs and aims, destiny, global political projects for a future in which they had a role to play. They were ready to engage in the same revolution, to accept the same duties, to undergo the same risks as their fellow men. They believed that a Republic would mean general progress and would treat them as equal citizens with full civil, family and political rights. They were part of the cosmopolitan assertive leadership emerging in the Republican Party, conspiring side by side with parents, husbands, brothers and friends. In 1910 no Portuguese feminist could foresee that the laws on suffrage would remain unchanged. Their long fighting had started in full hope and amiable complicity with men, seen as allies not foes. For them laws concerning women’s rights were far behind social practices, because at least in their own upper class of cultured people they were treated as equals. The Republic, they felt sure, would instantly fill the space between law and life. We know how wrong they were…
A FEMINIST AND REPUBLICAN MOVEMENT
A feminist and republican movement - as it was two in one in 1910. It makes a distinction when you differentiate the Portuguese example from others, even if links of feminists groups with political parties existed elsewhere. In Portugal, the advent of the Republic was truly seen by the suffragists as a prerequisite for the achievement of their goal. On behalf of the Republic many of them would, in fact, in later years confirm a no-nonsense approach to politics, including the sacrifice of the vital issue of women's right to vote. They gave up equal suffrage, limiting their claim to a small circle of highly educated ladies... These exceptional women kind of ladylike way of behaving inside the political world, carefully staying away from foreign examples of extremism in their individual outward show in public life, and sometimes even in their manner of demanding equality and justice did probably play against them. (16). Very often it does not pay off to be too much ahead of times! Theirs was or is, as I see it, the right attitude for us in the new century, but then and there it may have been premature... Now we can afford reconciliation and harmony - or synthesis. A century ago it was time for antithesis, for unbending and hard opposition.
Lack of harshness was, on my opinion, only one the main reasons for (partial) failure: a kind of contradiction between their consistent and often brilliant writing or speeches, even if they were more or less temperate, and their way of political intervention, too much soft to have the necessary impact. Another cause was dissent among them: dispute on what concerns priorities, the priority of many of them being education, employment and massive civic intervention initially and suffrage later – obviously, a very convenient order of precedence for the republican leaders. The movement did spit into several smaller circles because some of them were republicans above all - like Maria Veleda, the unconditional supporter of Afonso Costa and his radical Democratic Party - and others were more feminists than republicans, like Cabete and Osório, who never gave up the fundamental battle for suffrage, along with other more consensual issues, like education. Education was, as they all agreed upon, an indispensable basis of the emancipation of the feminine sex. Radical, revolutionary or law abiding feminists, and even a more conservative non feminist wing, shared that conviction. (17) Education for women - a very limited number, of course - was already under way before the Republic was established, but from them on the focus was on the relevance of equal public instruction for both sexes, from primary to high school and to university, and it became an irreversible process that lasted during the ages of the so called “New State". (18) . The trend that started in 1910, with the help of the feminist movements may be considered as the most important contribution of the Republic to the emancipation of women.
The refusal of universal suffrage was a major disillusion for the feminists. In a way, their suffragist campaign started hand in hand with their male associates, and they gave up the aim of immediate and full equality to help strengthening the new regime, until it could be self confident enough to be able to satisfy their demands. Unlike suffragists in England and almost everywhere, they seemed as afraid as men proved to be of the consequences universal suffrage. It is well known that leftist parties feared the conservative vote of women - and the conservative parties, sure to gain by their voting, were simply against it... In Portugal, ruling republicans also rejected conservative male vote, artificially reducing the electoral universe to a very small percentage of the adult population… The hostile rural catholic and monarchist vote was largely reduced by the requisites of alphabetization and tax-paying.(19) Electoral laws introduced a few changes, but never eliminated these two very useful discriminations. Republican women were themselves, aware of the risk of endangering the future of the regime by adopting a system a liberal and open voting system. That explains their approval of the manipulation and cutback of the electoral universe. They never asked for the ballot vote for all women - just for the much reduced number of those who were educated, and considered as more republican than the others.... That is why they went as far as accepting unequal vote, according to sex.
Looking back , we must conclude that Republics, like France and Portugal, delayed fair treatment of female citizens for as long as they could and so many of the countries where women firs got equal civil and political rights were - and remained until now! - Constitutional democratic monarchies. In Portugal, really, feminists had no alternative but to trust republicans, because there was no place for them in any of the monarchist parties, as the very few monarchists who were in favor of women's emancipation did acknowledge. (20) Unfortunately there was no proper place for them in the Republican public institutions, either... They worked hard for the revolution, they remained faithful to the republican principles, and their participation inside public institutions could have made a difference.
The incapacity of the republican politicians and parties to play it fair with them was a sign of the inevitable decline of the regime, lost by dissension and instability, by centralist and authoritarian urges and by growing lack of public support. Part of our dead past…
Feminist thoughts and ideals, as the parliamentarians of 1988 wanted to stress, are very much alive. The feminists of the Republic, their hopes and dreams, did have more future than present - the opposite of the regime... Many Portuguese of my generation still look at them as inspiring and amazing fighters, so gentle and strong, setting good examples and making us think that in 1910 we, too, would have been republicans and feminists. In 2010, we are simply democrats, and feminists, true feminists, according to Osorio’s definition.
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Notes
(1) In “ O Primeiro de Janeiro”, 11 de Setembro, 1902
(2) João Esteves, “Mulheres e Republicanismo (1908-1928), Colecção “O Fio de Ariana”, Comissão para a Cidadania e Igualdade de Género, Lisboa, 2008, p. 9-22)
(3) See for detailed comments one of the best books written in Portuguese on the situation of women around the world “As Mulheres no Mundo” by Maria Lamas.
(4) There was a tremendous gap “north-south” on what concerns legislation and access to seats in Parliament, as a simple chronology clearly reveals: Spain 1924,1927; Portugal 1931,1935; France 1944, 1946; Italy,1945, 1946; Malta 1947,1947; Greece,1952, 1952
In Maria Reynolds de Sousa “A Concessão do Voto às Portuguesas”, colecção “O Fio de Ariana”, Comissão para a Igualdade e os Direitos das Mulheres, Lisboa 2006, p. 81-89
(5) In 1926 lawyer Elina Guimarães and writer Maria Lamas, were in their twenties. They, along with a few others, held the fight during Salazar’s and lived long enough to spend their last years in democracy. Public tribute to the highest degree was then paid to them.
(6) The NCPW , resisted for years, under the "Estado Novo" or "New State", along with the paper "Alma Feminina", where many of the texts and some of the reports on international congresses made by Adelaide Cabete were published . The “Council” was extinguished by Salazar's government in 1947, its last president being Maria Lamas.
(7) To Ana de Castro Osório the campaign was an opportunity for many Portuguese women: “women prisoners of stereotypes, deprived of ideals, aims and initiatives will now be in contact with the grand, romantic and valiant soul of the people, alive in our soldiers. In “Em tempo de Guerra, aos soldados e mulheres do meu país”, Lisboa, Editores Ventura e companhia, 1918, p 22.
(8)Maria Reynolds de Sousa, cit , p. 37.
(9) In “Diário da Assembleia da República”, Sessão Plenária, 8 de Março de 1988.
(10) Op cit, p. 2081-2082.
(11) Op cit, p. 2082-2084
(12) Op cit p. 2084-2085
(13)Op cit, p. 2085-2088. Mrs Osório's book "As Mulheres Portuguesas", published in 1905 is considered the first one written in favor of a feminist movement, as it would develop in the immediate future.
(14) Op cit, p. 2088. See letter from Dr Ângelo on the immediate effect of her ballot vote in « A Capital », 29 de Maio de 1911.
(15) In “Iniciativas para a Igualdade de Género”, Coordenação Maria Manuela Aguiar, Edição “Mulher Migrante, Associação de Estudo, Cooperação e Solidariedade”, 2006, p. 90-97
(16) Two statements by Cabete on education and on feminism show what we are trying to convey, that is, the mixinf of high principles with a certain kind of conventionality:
“It is necessary that the educated men takes care of the education of his companion, that the freed man takes her as a freed woman”.
“Feminism is not what it supposed to be by so many people – women eager to mimic men by smoking, by using white collars and ties and other ridiculous imitations.”
(17) Among the anti feminists, Maria Amália Vaz de Carvalho was one of the voices “pro” education for girls and one of the high schools in Lisbon is named after her.
(18) It enables us to be, right now, at the top of the ranking, worldwide, where percentages of women graduates are concerned in almost any area, from law to medical studies where women are well over 60%.
(19) The program of the Republican Party by the end of the XIX century was definitely in favor of universal suffrage as well as a constituency system throughout the country - in the name of real decentralization of power. None was to be accomplished... Portugal had at the time a population of 5 million people and only one million could read and write, among them not much more than 300.000 women. According to successive laws only about 700.00 in the total population could register to vote...
(20) Dom Antonio da Costa, one of the few monarchist to support the rights of women, praises the program of the Republican party for the defense of equality of gender a famous book published in 1892 : “A Mulher em Portugal".
terça-feira, 5 de outubro de 2010
A Mulher Migrante da Argentina em notável realização
Como sempre!
As admiráveis dirigentes desta Associação - a mais jovem e a mais dinâmica das associações femininas da nossa diáspora - organizou no contexto do Ano contra a pobreza e a exclusão, um seminário sobre o tema, patrocinado pelo MNE.
Com dezenas de participantes, intervenções de alto nível, entre ela sas da Embaixada e do Governador de Chubut, Mário Neves, candidato à presidência da Argentina (e luso-descendente!).
As admiráveis dirigentes desta Associação - a mais jovem e a mais dinâmica das associações femininas da nossa diáspora - organizou no contexto do Ano contra a pobreza e a exclusão, um seminário sobre o tema, patrocinado pelo MNE.
Com dezenas de participantes, intervenções de alto nível, entre ela sas da Embaixada e do Governador de Chubut, Mário Neves, candidato à presidência da Argentina (e luso-descendente!).
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